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• Drug Crimes - An Overview
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• Searches and Seizures in Drug Cases
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Complex drug trafficking cases can require a defense attorney’s sophisticated knowledge of United States and international law. Frank A. Rubino is up to the challenge. He often counsels international clients in places like Mexico, South America and Central America, helping them fight extradition from their own countries and indictments in the U.S.

Searches and Seizures in Drug Cases

The Fourth Amendment protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. In drug cases, the legality of how evidence was obtained is frequently challenged. If the government violated the Constitution, the evidence cannot be used. Without the evidence to prove the charges, the State may have to dismiss its case. If you have been charged with a drug crime, an experienced criminal defense attorney from Frank A. Rubino, Esq. PA in Houston, Texas can advise you whether the evidence leading the charge may have resulted from an illegal search or seizure.

The Fourth Amendment provides:

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

In addition, similar provisions in each state's constitution may afford even greater protections.

Warrants and the Protection of Privacy

Fourth Amendment protections apply to situations where persons have a reasonable expectation of privacy, such as their home or personal communications, for instance. However, whether the expectation is "reasonable" is the key to whether it is protected by the Constitution. Reasonableness is context-specific. The court looks at an individual's intention to keep something private and whether the expectation is one that society is willing to recognize as reasonable. Just as standards of privacy are constantly changing in society, Fourth Amendment law is also constantly evolving.

The government can intrude on such a zone of privacy only if the search or seizure is reasonable. Generally, a "reasonable" search or seizure is one supported by a warrant. The warrant itself has to be valid: It must be issued by a neutral judicial official, supported by probable cause and describe specifically the person or thing to be searched or seized. To establish "probable cause," the law enforcement officer has to present facts that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime is being, or has been, committed.

Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement

The Supreme Court has recognized a number of exceptions to the warrant requirement. A warrantless search or seizure is still "reasonable" if there is probable cause and certain circumstances exist that make getting a warrant impractical or impossible. These exceptions include:

• Search incident to arrest: searching a person after a lawful arrest to locate weapons and/or prevent the destruction of evidence
• Consent: when an individual voluntarily waives his or her Fourth Amendment rights
• Plain view: searching or seizing objects in plain view, if an officer has a legal right to be in that position where he or she is viewing the objects
• Automobile exception: searching vehicles if an officer has probable cause to believe there is contraband inside and it would be moved before a warrant can be obtained
• Exigent circumstances: when there is no opportunity to obtain a warrant due to an emergency situation, e.g., life is at risk

Besides these exceptions, law enforcement officers can conduct limited detentions and frisks without a warrant if they have an articulable suspicion that criminal activity is occurring.

Discuss Your Case with an Attorney

Analyzing whether a search or seizure was legal requires a close look at many factors. In a drug case, a successful challenge to evidence can mean the difference between a dismissal and a conviction. Contact a knowledgeable criminal defense attorney from Frank A. Rubino, Esq. PA in Houston, Texas to discuss your situation and learn about your rights and options.

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